The History of Montserrat :: Essays Papers

The history of the island of Montserrat has been characterized by instability from the time of its discovery to its present-day term as a Dependent Overseas Territory of Great Britain. With a wide range of concerns regarding the issue of independence, the inhabitants of Montserrat remain unsure of their ability to maintain their aver economic development and survive without financial assistance from Britain. The geography of Montserrat has consistently posed a threat to the people of the island, whose lives are largely dependent on the land they inhabit. The first Europeans to spot Montserrat did so on 10 November 1493, as Columbus ship sailed from Guadeloupe towards Hispaniola. Though he named the island, Columbus and the Spanish took little following in Montserrat, and nothing more was written about the island by a European until July 1631. At that time, Amerindians were using the island, though perhaps not living on that point, and no Europeans had settled Mont serrat. However, only two-and-a-half years later, in January 1634, another written account describes Montserrat as having been settled by Irish Catholics (Pulsipher 1986 7). The first settlers of Montserrat were most likely from St. Kitts and arrived at that place in 1632 (Rogozinski 75). By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish land witnessers formed the wealthy ruling class, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population (Pulsipher 1986 12). Many of the first Irish Catholic settlers came from Virginia, New England, and the British Isles (Pulsipher 1986 7). Of the white population in 1678, 70% were Irish indentured servants (Rogozinski 76). There were also several hundred African slaves living on Montserrat by 1654 (Pulsipher 1986 12). The British landowners used their servants and slaves to grow cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, cotton, and sugar (Pulsipher 1986 8). By the early 1680s, Montserrat was a sugar island, and by 1700 was shipping 29 million poun ds of sugar to England and Wales annually (Pulsipher 1986 12). During this time there were a number of restrictive laws passed by the British government to regulate trade and exporting, particularly for the single-valued function of eliminating Dutch traders from interfering in their affairs. By the 1650s, the Dutch had established themselves as a source of connection between the Caribbean islands and the rest of the world and went so out-of-the-way(prenominal)ther as to build a number of warehouses for the protection of market-ready crops on Montserrat (Pulsipher 1986 8).The History of Montserrat Essays Papers The history of the island of Montserrat has been characterized by instability from the time of its discovery to its present-day status as a Dependent Overseas Territory of Great Britain. With a wide range of concerns regarding the issue of independence, the inhabitants of Montserrat remain unsure of their ability to maintain their own economic developmen t and survive without financial assistance from Britain. The geography of Montserrat has consistently posed a threat to the people of the island, whose lives are largely dependent on the land they inhabit. The first Europeans to spot Montserrat did so on 10 November 1493, as Columbus ship sailed from Guadeloupe towards Hispaniola. Though he named the island, Columbus and the Spanish took little interestingness in Montserrat, and nothing more was written about the island by a European until July 1631. At that time, Amerindians were using the island, though perhaps not living there, and no Europeans had settled Montserrat. However, only two-and-a-half years later, in January 1634, another written account describes Montserrat as having been settled by Irish Catholics (Pulsipher 1986 7). The first settlers of Montserrat were most likely from St. Kitts and arrived there in 1632 (Rogozinski 75). By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish landowners formed the wealthy ruling cl ass, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population (Pulsipher 1986 12). Many of the first Irish Catholic settlers came from Virginia, New England, and the British Isles (Pulsipher 1986 7). Of the white population in 1678, 70% were Irish indentured servants (Rogozinski 76). There were also several hundred African slaves living on Montserrat by 1654 (Pulsipher 1986 12). The British landowners used their servants and slaves to grow cash crops such as tobacco, indigo, cotton, and sugar (Pulsipher 1986 8). By the early 1680s, Montserrat was a sugar island, and by 1700 was shipping 29 million pounds of sugar to England and Wales annually (Pulsipher 1986 12). During this time there were a number of restrictive laws passed by the British government to regulate trade and exporting, particularly for the affair of eliminating Dutch traders from interfering in their affairs. By the 1650s, the Dutch had established themselves as a source of connection between the Carib bean islands and the rest of the world and went so far as to build a number of warehouses for the protection of market-ready crops on Montserrat (Pulsipher 1986 8).

Sex and Desire Essay -- Literary Analysis

Sex and desire. Few words evoke such complexity of meaning. For some, it is a sexual act. Whereas one might describe it as the sensual pleasure of two bodies fused into one being, another may define it as the fulfillment of animalistic desire, an unleashing of the beast, if you will. But, beyond an act aerated with various meaning, it can also serve as an identityheterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or transsexual. Whether act or identity, societal dictates define the norm and the deviant. Because of this, the artist who departs from the acceptable and embraces the aberrant, arouses the ken of self and society. In doing so, sex and desire become a vehicle, a means of communication between artist and audience, and an object that demands our attention. Whether it is the subtle and sensual row of Anas Nin in The Diary of Anas Nin (1966), the coarse and explicit vocabulary of Henry Miller in Tropic of Cancer (1934), or the poetic and surrealistic prose of Djuna Barnes in Nightwood (19 34), sex and desire, as a vehicle in the literature of these authors, exposes the chaos and confusion within their world and suggests the establishment of a new establish for self and society. Written between 1931 and 1934, The Diary of Anas Nin chronicles one artists psychological journey. Deserted by her father as a preteen girl, Anas experiences an initial shock that leaves her like a shattered mirror (103). The shards of glass, each developing a life of their own, come to be the several selves of Anas (103). Through the pages of The Diary, reflecting upon and dissecting these various selves, she concludes, one does not need to remain in bondage to the first wax imprint made on childhood sensibilities. i need not be brande... ...thly father, a man she worshipped from her youth. This is further supported by a reference to the child as a share of the past (341). Finally, age giving birth she remarks, These legs I opened to joy, this honey that flowed out in the joynow these l egs are twisted in pain in the ass and the honey flows with the blood (344, emphasis added). All things considered, it seems reasonable to conclude the child was a result of incestuous union. Nevertheless, from the chaos and confusion, emerges the birth of the real Anas and while she may not become a saint she is very full and very rich (360).Works CitedBarnes, Djuna. Nightwood. New York New Directions Books, 2006. Print.Miller, Henry. Tropic of Cancer. New York grove Press, 1961. Print.Nin, Anas. The Diary of Anas Nin Volume One 1931-1934. San Diego Swallow Press and Harcourt, 1966. Print.

Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Charlotte P

Male View of Hysteria Presented in The scandalmongering paper Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story The Yellow paper has been viewed as either a work of charming horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close depth psychology of Gilmans use of symbols reveals The Yellow wallpaper as her answer to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman questions the validity of Hippocratess theory of the wandering uterus and Weir Mitchells stay on cure. As she wrote in her essay Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper?, the story was not think to drive wad crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy (107). By her own account, Gilmans purpose in writing The Yellow Wallpaper was to educate and inform the public of the misinterpretation of hysteric symptoms. The origin of the word hysteria expresses the belief in the low-levelity of women. As James Palis writes in The Hippocratic Concept of Hys teria A rendering of the victor Texts Etymologically, the term usteria (hysteria) derives from ustera (hystera), the Greek word for uterus, which means an inferior position. Thus, usteria denotes suffering of the uterus, the most inferior organ in the female (226). The fact that the literal translation of hystera is inferior position reinforces the fact that from ancient times women were viewed as somatogeneticly inferior to men. Since the one major physical difference between women and men is the presence of the uterus, mental problems that were considered to be strictly female were attributed to some malfunction of the uterus. Hippocrates first proposed in his work The Art of melioratethat hysteria wa... .... ---. The Yellow Wallpaper. American reality Reader. Ed. James Nagel and Tom Quirk. New York Penguin Books, 1997. 254-269. Hothersall, David. History of Psychology. 3rd Ed. New York McGraw-Hill Inc., 1995. Meyer, Cheryl L. The Wandering Uterus Politics and the product ive Rights of Women. New York New York University Press, 1997. Mitchell, S. Weir. Fat and Blood The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New island of Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1993. 105-109. ---. Wear and Tear. The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L Erksine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1993. 109-111. Palis, James., et al. The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria A Translation of the Original Texts. Integrative Psychiatry 3.3 (1985) 226-228. Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Charlotte PMale View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilmans short story The Yellow Wallpaper has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilmans use of symbols reveals The Yellow Wallpaper as her response to the male v iew of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. In The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman questions the validity of Hippocratess theory of the wandering uterus and Weir Mitchells rest cure. As she wrote in her essay Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper?, the story was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy (107). By her own account, Gilmans purpose in writing The Yellow Wallpaper was to educate and inform the public of the misinterpretation of hysterical symptoms. The origin of the word hysteria expresses the belief in the inferiority of women. As James Palis writes in The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria A Translation of the Original Texts Etymologically, the term usteria (hysteria) derives from ustera (hystera), the Greek word for uterus, which means an inferior position. Thus, usteria denotes suffering of the uterus, the most inferior organ in the female (226). The fact that the literal translation of hystera is inferior position reinfo rces the fact that from ancient times women were viewed as physically inferior to men. Since the one major physical difference between women and men is the presence of the uterus, psychological problems that were considered to be strictly female were attributed to some malfunction of the uterus. Hippocrates first proposed in his work The Art of Healingthat hysteria wa... .... ---. The Yellow Wallpaper. American Realism Reader. Ed. James Nagel and Tom Quirk. New York Penguin Books, 1997. 254-269. Hothersall, David. History of Psychology. 3rd Ed. New York McGraw-Hill Inc., 1995. Meyer, Cheryl L. The Wandering Uterus Politics and the Reproductive Rights of Women. New York New York University Press, 1997. Mitchell, S. Weir. Fat and Blood The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1993. 105-109. ---. Wear and Tear. The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L Erksine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1993. 109-111. Palis, James., et al. The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria A Translation of the Original Texts. Integrative Psychiatry 3.3 (1985) 226-228.